A Guide to the Toyota VVT-i System
July 29, 2008
By now, you have probably heard a mechanic or automotive enthusiast tell you that an engine is essentially a large air pump. Basically, the more air an engine can suck in to combine with fuel, the more power it can create through combustion. It also follows that the more efficiently an engine can remove exhaust gases from the cylinders, the better it can manage that power. Air flow from one end to the other is the key to a healthy, strong engine.
Many different things can affect air flow in a motor, but the primary control over the volumes of air entering a cylinder, and exhaust leaving it, comes from the valves in the cylinder head. The intake valves open immediately before combustion to allow air to flow in and combine with the fuel. After this mixture has been ignited, the exhaust valves open and suck out the resulting gases. Valve timing is controlled by the camshaft, which is a rotating shaft with lobes pushing up on the valves to open them, then drop them closed again.
The amount of time these valves stay open, and at which point in the combustion cycle they are open, can strongly impact the drivability and power of an engine. If you want a really fast car, like a race car, you’ll need to adjust the camshaft to perform well at the high RPMs needed for a powerful engine. This will mean poor performance at low RPMs, which isn’t a problem for race cars. If you’re looking for something with a lot of low-end torque, such as for towing, then you should adjust the camshaft accordingly to perform at low RPMs. Of course, this will also mean sacrificing high RPM performance.
Street vehicles are a compromise between reliability, fuel efficiency and power, which can RPM performance, but street vehicles need a broader power band because they function at a wide range of RPMs. A race car can get away with an idle that barely runs below 1000 RPM, but you can’t have a street car that stalls at every stoplight. Everyday vehicles usually compromise with a camshaft that works well at the most often used range of engine RPMs, but don’t deliver at high speeds.
These types of camshafts obviously aren’t too efficient. Since they’re trying to do everything adequately, they don’t really do any one of them superiorly. Your engine needs to be able to perform just as well accelerating from a stop as it does speeding down the highway, which means that much of the time, it’s burning too much fuel and also underperforming.
Automakers have addressed this concern with something called “variable valve timing” (VVT). The Toyota Tundra’s i-Force 5.7L V8, Toyota’s newest VVT-i engine, has the ability to vary the timing of the valves in relation to engine speed. It does this by using engine oil pressure to move the camshaft slightly, so that more aggressive lobe designs are used when the engine is running at a higher rpm. By doing this, the i-Force V8 is able to run a camshaft profile that provides good fuel efficiency in every day driving, but is still able to churn out gobs of power when the pedal is pressed to the floor.
The Tundra’s dual VVT-i goes one step further by allowing the exhaust and intake valves to open simultaneously at extremely high RPMs, to scavenge airflow as much as possible. This results in a V8 engine that can produce 381 horsepower at 5600 rpm, and 401 lb-ft of torque at as low as 3600 rpm - while still getting a respectable 20 miles per gallon on the highway with the 2 wheel drive models. And what’s best is, the Toyota variable valve timing system gives you killer horsepower without killing you at the gas pump.
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